Aerospace Defense

Forecasting and planning the load of a building by providing a switching power supply model and the presence of island-based distributed generation resources connected to the power grid

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

reza sepah vand 1
Ali Mehrabi 2

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Flight

2 Department of Helicopter Engineering, Faculty of Aviation and Engineering, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Load forecasting and energy management in self-sufficient buildings have become increasingly important due to the growing demand for sustainable, reliable, and resilient energy systems. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for forecasting and optimal energy scheduling of a building equipped with distributed generation resources capable of supplying its energy demand independently from the utility grid while maintaining the capability of power exchange with the upstream network when required. To improve system reliability and operational flexibility, a combination of renewable and non-renewable energy resources, including photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, microturbines, combined heat and power (CHP) units, boilers, and electrical and thermal energy storage systems, is considered.To achieve more accurate energy planning, uncertainties associated with electrical load demand, wind speed, and solar irradiance are modeled using Monte Carlo simulation, Weibull probability distribution, and Beta probability distribution, respectively. The energy management problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model with the simultaneous objectives of minimizing operating costs and environmental emissions while satisfying technical and operational constraints.The main contribution of this study is the development of an integrated framework that simultaneously considers renewable generation uncertainties, grid-connected and islanded operating modes, and the implementation of a high step-up switching power converter based on an enhanced SEPIC topology. The proposed converter offers high voltage gain, reduced component count, lower current stress on switches and diodes, improved efficiency, and enhanced reliability, thereby supporting passive defense requirements and increasing the resilience of the building energy system.

Keywords

Distributed generation
scheduling
switching
multi-objective optimization
uncertainty

Subjects

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Aerospace Defense
Volume 4, Issue 4
Autumn 2025
Pages 21-59

  • Receive Date 19 September 2025
  • Revise Date 10 November 2025
  • Accept Date 24 February 2026

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